Germany holds elections on Sunday after its three-party “traffic light” coalition collapsed last year and could soon have a “black-red” government while a “Jamaica” or “blackberry” alliance is less likely.
Confused? Here is a cheat sheet for Germany’s colour-coded party politics ahead of the pivotal vote in Europe’s most populous country and biggest economy.
Every German party is traditionally associated with a colour, and national flags and other imagery are commonly used as shorthand for possible coalition combinations.
Here are Germany’s main parties, their colours, leaders and what they stand for:
The centre-left party of embattled Chancellor Olaf Scholz, 66, is Germany’s oldest with origins in a labour association founded in the mid-1800s.
Its key demands are fair wages, safe pensions and social benefits, and its symbol is a red rose.
The SPD prides itself on its principled opposition to the Nazis before it was banned and its members exiled.
Party lore says that dialogue with Moscow, rather than confrontation, helped end the Cold War.
Prominent former SPD chancellors include Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt and Gerhard Schroeder.
Germany’s main conservative party, led by former corporate lawyer Friedrich Merz, 69, prioritises boosting the economy, law and order and traditional social values.
Merz has promised to steer the party back to its right-wing roots, away from the more centrist course charted by former chancellor Angela Merkel.
He has vowed to strongly restrict irregular immigration and perhaps bring back nuclear energy, phased out under Merkel.
The CDU is in a permanent alliance with Bavaria’s Christian Social Union (CSU) led by Markus Soeder.
Well-known former CDU chancellors include the first post-WWII leader Konrad Adenauer and Helmut Kohl, dubbed the father of Germany’s 1990 reunification.
The FDP, which promotes liberal economic policies and small government, was long Germany’s main “third party” and has had a key role in building and bringing down governments.
Its leader, former finance minister Christian Lindner, 46, provoked the government crisis that came to a head when Scholz fired him on November 6.
The turmoil recalled a 1982 power play when the FDP switched sides, bringing down Schmidt, who was replaced by Kohl.
The FDP is sometimes mocked as the party of the rich but sees itself as a watchdog against government overreach, bureaucracy and red tape.
The Greens emerged from the environmental, anti-nuclear and peace protest movement of the 1970s.
Its first MPs were elected in the early 1980s and they shocked the staid Bundestag when they showed up in knitted pullovers and put their feet on the benches.
But the party has since firmly entered the mainstream and advocates strong military support for Ukraine against Russia.
The current alliance was built in 1993 with activist groups from the formerly communist East Germany.
Vice-Chancellor Robert Habeck, 55, is the top election candidate of the Greens, which is also the party of Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock.
The far-right party started off a decade ago as a eurosceptic fringe party but has since embraced a virulent anti-immigration agenda.
It railed against Merkel’s 2015 green light to allow in more than a million migrants, many from war-torn Syria.
AfD politicians tend to doubt climate change, hold pro-Moscow positions and support US President Donald Trump whose ally Elon Musk has strongly backed the AfD.
Some AfD key figures have used Nazi-era phrases, and the domestic security services consider elements in the party to be extremists, fuelling calls to ban it.
With its top candidate Alice Weidel, 46, the AfD has been polling at around 20 percent, with most of its support in the ex-communist east.
All other parties have committed to an anti-AfD “firewall” of non-cooperation, although Merz breached this in late January when he accepted AfD support in parliament to pass a motion calling for an immigration crackdown.
Germany’s two far-left parties have hovered around the five-percent cutoff mark for reentry into parliament.
Die Linke has enjoyed a late poll surge above that mark, boosted by a spirited anti-fascist speech by its top candidate Heidi Reichinnek, 36.
The Linke’s former leading figure, Sahra Wagenknecht, 55, left last year to form her own “left-wing conservative” BSW, which is sceptical of immigration.
Wagenknecht, who grew up in the communist East, promotes anti-capitalist views and opposes NATO, has struggled to maintain the initial buzz around her new party.
Scholz’s collapsed red-yellow-green coalition was dubbed the “traffic light” government.
In 2017 Germany almost got a black-yellow-green “Jamaica” coalition, before the FDP pulled out of talks.
Polling suggests Germany could next be headed for a CDU-led “black-red” grand coalition with the SPD that may need a third partner.
If the FDP were to join in, their colours would match the national flag for a “Germany” coalition.
If instead the Greens joined, this would lead to a black-red-green “Kenya” coalition.
Also seen at the state level before, but highly unlikely at the national level, is a black-red-violet alliance of the CDU, SPD and BSW, dubbed the “blackberry”.
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