France’s growing debt pile is at the heart of the confidence vote that could topple the government of Prime Minister Francois Bayrou next week.
Bayrou called the vote to settle a fight over the budget as he seeks 44 billion euros ($51 billion) in savings to cut the debt.
But his plan, which includes reducing the number of holidays, has proved unpopular.
Here is a look at the country’s fiscal situation ahead of Monday’s vote in parliament:
France’s public debt has steadily risen for decades, fuelled by chronic budget deficits financed through borrowing on bond markets.
The debt grew to 3.3 trillion euros ($3.9 trillion) in the first three months of this year, or over 48,000 euros per French national.
The debt amounts to 114 percent of France’s annual gross domestic product (GDP, a measure of economic output) — the third highest debt ratio in the eurozone after Greece and Italy.
The debt ratio is almost double the limit of 60 percent allowed by the European Union.
By comparison, the debt-to-GDP ratio was at 57.8 percent in 1995, but financial crises, the Covid pandemic and high inflation have fuelled its rise.
It’s not great, but it could be worse.
The Avant-Garde Institute, a think tank, noted that France’s debt ratio was as high as 300 percent of GDP between World War I and World War II.
Eric Heyer, an economist at the French Economic Observatory think tank, told AFP that “many countries are above” France’s 114 percent debt-to-GDP ratio.
More debt means more of the country’s taxpayer money goes into paying interest to creditors.
The growth of state spending on servicing the debt has been one the threats cited by the government.
The government’s debt burden, or interest payments, totals 53 billion euros in 2025, according to the medium-term budget plan presented in April.
Bayrou has warned that the number will grow to 66 billion euros in 2026, making it the government’s main spending item ahead of education.
“The consequence for French people is that we can’t do other things,” Pierre Moscovici, president of the national audit body, told news channel LCI on Sunday.
But economists from Attac, a French activist group campaigning for financial justice, and the Copernic Foundation, a left-leaning organisation, recently argued in Le Monde that France’s debt isn’t as alarming as the government suggests.
The government spent just two percent of the country’s GDP on interest payments last year, the groups said in a joint column in Le Monde newspaper.
Other experts, including Heyer, also question the government’s presentation of interest costs, saying it does not take inflation into account.
When prices rise, inflation can reduce the real burden of debt because the government collects more in taxes and the economy grows, giving it more room to manoeuvre financially.
Some, including the French government itself, have raised the spectre of a scenario reminiscent of the Greek debt crisis that rocked the eurozone more than a decade ago.
France’s long-term borrowing cost jumped to its highest level since 2011 on Tuesday as the yield on 30-year government bonds topped 4.5 percent.
The yield on 10-year sovereign bonds exceeded 3.6 percent this week, the highest since March and approaching the same level as Italy, long seen as a budget laggard in Europe.
The rates, however, do not suggest that another Greek-like crisis is in the offing, said Ipek Ozkardeskaya, analyst at Swissquote Bank.
“The contagion risk remains limited. But France must find a way to tidy up its finances before gaining investors confidence back,” Ozkardeskaya said.
There is still strong demand for French debt: On Thursday, the state raised 7.3 billion euros in a sale of 10-year bonds.
The European Central Bank also provides a safety net by intervening in bond markets to buy government debt, said Christopher Dembik, a strategist at Pictet investment firm.
He predicted, however, that ratings agencies will downgrade France’s debt.
